Typical thoracic vertebrae (T2–T8) form the central portion of the thoracic spine and are uniquely adapted for articulation with the ribs. Their design balances spinal stability with limited mobility, contributing to the rigid thoracic cage. These vertebrae are characterized by costal facets, long, downward-sloping spinous processes, and heart-shaped vertebral bodies, distinguishing them from cervical and lumbar vertebrae.
Vertebral Body
- Heart-shaped and medium-sized.
- Primary weight-bearing structure of the thoracic spine.
- Articulates with adjacent vertebral bodies via intervertebral discs.
Superior Costal Surface (Facet)
- Located on the superior posterolateral margin of the vertebral body.
- Articulates with the head of the corresponding rib (e.g., T6 with rib 6).
Inferior Costal Surface (Facet)
- Located on the inferior posterolateral margin of the vertebral body.
- Articulates with the head of the rib below (e.g., T6 with rib 7).
- Together with the superior facet, it forms a demifacet articulation.
Superior Articular Surface
- Faces posteriorly and slightly laterally.
- Articulates with the inferior articular process of the vertebra above.
- Part of the zygapophyseal (facet) joint.
Transverse Costal Surface
- Located on the anterior aspect of the transverse process.
- Articulates with the tubercle of the same-numbered rib (e.g., T6 with rib 6).
- A key feature of thoracic vertebrae enabling rib stabilization.
Spinous Process
- Long, slender, and angled inferoposteriorly (downward).
- Overlaps the next inferior vertebra, limiting extension.
- Provides attachment for thoracic ligaments and muscles.
Inferior Articular Surface
- Faces anteriorly and slightly medially.
- Articulates with the superior articular facet of the vertebra below.
- Helps form a stable intervertebral joint.
Images
Figure: Typical thoracic vertebra – lateral view. 1. Vertebral body. 2. Superior costal surface. 3. Inferior costal surface. 4. Superior articular surface. 5. Transverse costal surface. 6. Spinous process. 7. Inferior articular surface
